Academic Senate For California Community Colleges
2001-2002 Standards And Practices Committee
Information for Proposed Disciplines
List Changes: Italics
indicate a proposed addition Strikeout indicates a proposed deletion
* Indicates a disciplines list Proposal requiring
a change of Title 5
Section I: Revisions To Disciplines (Master’s)
Proposal #1
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Biological Science
College : Long Beach
City College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Biological Science :
Master’s in any biological science OR Bachelor’s
in any biological science AND Master’s in biochemistry,
biophysics, or marine science OR The equivalent
Proposed Change :
Master’s in any biological science, or zoology
OR Bachelor’s in any biological science AND Master’s
in biochemistry, biophysics, or marine science
OR The equivalent
Summary :
The Proposal recommends the addition of the zoology
degree to the minimum qualifications. This discipline
is routinely accepted as an equivalency.
Proposal #2
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Chemistry
College : Los Angeles
Pierce College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Chemistry :
Master’s in chemistry OR Bachelor’s in chemistry
AND Master’s in biochemistry, chemical engineering,
chemical physics, physics, molecular biology,
or geochemistry OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Master’s in chemistry OR Bachelor’s in chemistry
or biochemistry AND Master’s in biochemistry,
chemical engineering, chemical physics, physics,
molecular biology, or geochemistry OR The equivalent.
Summary :
The Proposal states that a Bachelor’s degree
in biochemistry is now more common than in the
past and that the course requirements for the
biochemistry degree are not significantly different
than those of the chemistry degree.
Proposal #3
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Chemistry
College : Long
Beach City College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Chemistry :
Master’s in chemistry OR Bachelor’s in chemistry
AND Master’s in biochemistry, chemical engineering,
chemical physics, physics, molecular biology,
or geochemistry OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Master’s in chemistry OR Bachelor’s in chemistry
AND Master’s in biochemistry, chemical engineering,
chemical physics, physics, molecular biology,
or geochemistry, biology, or pharmacology
OR The equivalent.
Summary :
The Proposal seeks to expand the minimum qualifications
for chemistry.
Current Minimum Qualification
for Engineering Technology :
Master’s in any field of engineering technology
or engineering OR Bachelor’s degree in either
of the above AND Master’s degree in physics, mathematics,
computer science, biological science, or chemistry
OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Master’s in any field of engineering technology
or engineering OR Bachelor’s degree in either
of the above AND Master’s degree in physics, mathematics,
computer science, biological science, or chemistry,
OR Bachelor’s degree in industrial technology,
engineering technology or engineering AND a professional
engineer’s license OR The equivalent.
Summary :
This Proposal is seeking the maximum degree of
flexibility for the discipline, bringing minimum
qualifications inline with the basic faculty credentials
outlined in the engineering technology accreditation
criteria established by the Accreditation Board
for Engineering and Technology (ABET).
Note :
This Proposal for Engineering Technology would
require a change in Title 5, requiring the creation
of a third Bachelor’s category of disciplines.
Proposal #5
Proposed Revision Discipline
: English
College : Laney
College
Current Minimum Qualification
for English :
Master’s in English, literature, comparative
literature, or composition OR Bachelor’s in any
of the above AND Master’s in linguistics, TESL,
speech, education with a specialization in reading,
creative writing, or journalism OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Master’s in English, literature, comparative
literature, or composition, or Master’s in
Education with Specialization in Language and
Literacy OR Bachelor’s in any of the above
AND Master’s in linguistics, TESL, speech, education
with a specialization in reading, creative writing,
or journalism OR The equivalent.
Summary :
The Proposal seeks to add the Master’s in Education
with Specialization in Language and Literacy to
the English minimum qualifications. This degree
trains individuals in almost all English courses
that are taught in the California Community Colleges.
Proposal #6
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Family and Consumer Studies/Home Economics
College : Cuesta
College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Family and Consumer Studies/Home Economics:
Master’s in family and consumer studies, life
management/ home economics, or home economics
education OR Bachelor’s in any of the above AND
Master’s in child development, early childhood
education, human development, gerontology, fashion,
clothing and textiles, housing/interior design,
foods/nutrition, or dietetics and food administration
OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Master’s in family and consumer studies, life
management/ home economics, or home economics
education OR Bachelor’s in any of the above AND
Master’s in child development, early childhood
education, human development, gerontology,
fashion,clothing and textiles, housing/interior
design, foods/nutrition, or dietetics and food
administration, psychology OR The equivalent.
Summary :
This Proposal claims that housing/interior design,
foods/nutrition, or dietetics and food administration
are not appropriate fields for training in areas
within this discipline, including human sexuality
and marriage and the family. The Proposal argues
for adding psychology to the minimum qualifications.
* Proposal #7
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Foreign Languages
College : Southwestern
College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Foreign Languages :
Master’s in the language being taught OR Bachelor’s
in the language being taught AND Master’s in another
language orlinguistics OR The equivalent
Proposed Change :
Master’s in theany foreign language
being taught, TESOL, applied linguistics
AND demonstrated near-native competency in the
language being taught OR Bachelor’s in the
language being taught AND demonstrated near-native
competency in the language being taught AND TESOL
certificate AND Master’s in another language
orlinguistics OR The equivalent
Summary :
In lesser taught languages such as Tagalog, Korean,
Farsi, Arabic and Vietnamese, there are no Master’s
degrees readily available. This Proposal attempts
to broaden the minimum qualifications for these
lesser taught languages without compromising the
minimum qualifications for more commonly taught
languages, such as French, Spanish and German,
where a Master’s degree is more readily available.
Note:
This Proposal would require a change in Title
5 to create a category requiring a Bachelor’s
degree and demonstrated near-native competency.
Proposal #8
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Health
College : Long Beach
City College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Health :
Master’s in health science, health education,
biology, nursing, physical education, dietetics,
or nutrition OR Bachelor’s in any of the above
AND Master’s in public health, or any biological
science OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Master’s in health science, health education,
biology, nursing, physical education, dietetics,
or nutrition OR Bachelor’s in any of the above
AND Master’s in public health, or any biological
science OR The equivalent.
Summary :
The Proposal seeks to change the minimum qualifications
for health arguing that a Master’s in public health
is now offered and that physical education, dietetics
and nutrition are specialized areas not covering
sufficient health topics.
Proposal #9
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Mathematics
College : Colleges
of the Sequoias
Current Minimum Qualification
for Mathematics :
Master’s in mathematics or applied mathematics
OR Bachelor’s in either of the above AND Master’s
in statistics, physics, or mathematics education
OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Master’s in mathematics or applied mathematics
OR Bachelor’s in either of the above AND Master’s
in statistics, physics, or mathematics education
OR The equivalent.
Summary :
The Proposal for mathematics seeks to delete
mathematics education as a qualification because
of the inconsistency of mathematics education
program quality.
* Proposal #10
Proposed Revision Discipline
:Non-Credit Courses in ESL
College : North Orange
Current Minimum Qualification
for Non-Credit Courses :
Listed under Title 5 §53412. Minimum Qualifications
for Instructors of Noncredit Courses.
Proposed Change :
§53412. Minimum Qualifications for Instructors
of Noncredit Courses.
Except as provided elsewhere in this article,
the minimum qualifications for service as a faculty
member teaching a noncredit course shall be the
same as the minimum qualifications for credit
instruction in the appropriate discipline, or
as follows:
(a) For an interdisciplinary noncredit basic
skills course, a bachelor's in any social science,
humanities, mathematics, or natural science discipline
or in liberal studies, as appropriate for the
course.
(b) For a noncredit basic skills course in mathematics,
a bachelor's in mathematics.
(c) For a noncredit basic skills course in reading
and/or writing, either: a bachelor's degree in
English, literature, comparative literature, composition,
linguistics, speech, creative writing, or journalism;
or a bachelor's degree in any discipline and twelve
semester units of coursework in teaching reading.
(d) For a noncredit course in citizenship, a
bachelor's degree in any discipline, and six semester
units in American history and institutions.
(e) For a noncredit course in English as a second
language (ESL), any one of the following:
(1) A bachelor's degree in teaching English as
a second language, or teaching English to speakers
of other languages.
(2) A bachelor's degree in any disciplineeducation, English, linguistics, applied linguistics,
any foreign language, composition, bilingual/bicultural
studies, reading, or speech; and a certificate
in teaching English as a second language, which
may be completed concurrently during the first
year of employment as a noncredit instructor.
(3) A bachelor's degree any discipline
with any of the majors specified in subparagraph
(2) above; and one year of experience teaching
ESL in an accredited institution; and a certificate
in teaching English as a second language, which
may be completed concurrently during the first
two years of employment as a noncredit instructor.
(4) Possession of a full-time, clear California
Designated Subjects Adult Education Teaching Credential
authorizing instruction in ESL.
Summary :
The specific Title 5 change is under §53412 (e)
(2) and (3). The Proposal argues that the particular
discipline of the Bachelor’s degree is inconsequential
once the candidate has satisfied all of the requirements
to revive the certificate in teaching English
as a second language.
Note:
This Proposal would require a change of Title
5 §53412 “Minimum Qualifications for Instructors
of Noncredit Courses.”
Proposal #11
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Physical Education
College : Fullerton
Current Minimum Qualification
for Physical Education :
Master’s in physical education, or education
with an emphasis in physical education, kinesiology,
physiology of exercise, or adaptive physical education
OR Bachelor’s in any of the above AND Master’s
in any life science, dance, physiology, health
education, recreation administration, or physical
therapy OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Master’s in physical education, or education
with an emphasis in physical education, kinesiology,
physiology of exercise, or adaptive physical education,
or exercise science OR Bachelor’s in any
of the above AND Master’s in any life science,
dance, physiology, health education, recreation
administration, or physical therapy OR The equivalent.
Summary :
The Proposal seeks to add exercise science to
the minimum qualifications. This particular degree
is offered at a number of colleges and universities.
Proposal #12
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Physics/Astronomy
College : Southwestern
College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Physics/Astronomy :
Master’s in physics, astronomy, or astrophysics
OR Bachelor’s in physics or astronomy AND Master’s
in engineering, mathematics, meteorology, or geophysics
OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Astronomy
Master’s in physics, astronomy, or astrophysics
OR Bachelor’s in physicsor astronomy
AND Master’s in engineering, mathematics, meteorology,
or geophysicsphysics OR The equivalent.
Summary :
The current discipline minimum qualifications
for Physics/Astronomy would be split into two
separate disciplines. Most of the degrees currently
listed do not prepare one to teach contemporary
astronomy subject matters. In addition, the MS
or Ph.D. in astronomy are degrees that are widely
available throughout the United States and the
state of California.
Proposal #13
Proposed Revision Discipline
:Physics/Astronomy
College : Southwestern
College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Physics/Astronomy :
Master’s in physics, astronomy, or astrophysics
OR Bachelor’s in physics or astronomy AND Master’s
in engineering, mathematics, meteorology, or geophysics
OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Master’s in physics, astronomy, or astrophysics
OR Bachelor’s in physics or astronomy AND Master’s
in engineering, mathematics, meteorology, or
geophysicsastronomy or astrophysics OR
The equivalent.
Summary :
It is recommended that astronomy be removed from
the title because a separate minimum qualification
for that discipline has been forwarded separately.
The recommended changes in the degrees for physics
reflect the fact that the current minimum qualifications
do not adequately prepare one in all of the areas
of classical mechanics, electricity and magnetism,
optics, relativity, and modem physics which are
part of the required physics core curriculum.
The new minimum qualifications recommended here
adequately prepare one in all of these branches
of physics and are widely accessible degree programs
throughout California and the most of the United
States.
Proposal #14
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Political Science
College : Butte
College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Political Science :
Master’s in political science, government, public
administration, or international relations OR
Bachelor’s in any of the above AND Master’s in
economics, history, social science, sociology,
any ethnic studies, JD, or LL.B. OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Master’ in political science, government, or
international relations AND Bachelor’s in public
administration, OR Master’s in public administration
AND Bachelor’s in either political science, government,
or international relations, OR Master’s in economics
or history AND Bachelor’s in political science,
government, or international relations, OR a Juris
Doctor Degree (J.D.) or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)
degree AND Bachelor’s in political science, government,
or international relations OR The equivalent.
Summary :
The Proposal seeks changes to the minimum qualifications
for Political Science. “The upgraded minimum qualifications
standard for faculty recognizes the high premium
placed on content-specific discipline knowledge.
Where asymmetry and lack of reciprocity among
social science disciplines was characteristic
of the previous standard, we now find that only
fields, where content-specific knowledge is reciprocally
acknowledged are accepted as sufficient or qualifying
preparation for teaching political science. Thus,
content-specific discipline knowledge, mutually
acknowledged by different disciplines as truly
interchangeable, promotes professionalism and
rigor among faculty who teach political science.”
Proposal #15
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Psychology
College : Los Angeles
Mission College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Psychology :
Master’s in psychology OR Bachelor’s
in psychology AND Master’s in counseling, sociology,
statistics, neuroscience, or psychiatric clinical
social work OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Master’s in psychology OR Bachelor’s
in psychology AND Master’s in counseling, sociology,
statistics, neuroscience, or psychiatric social
work social work OR The equivalent.
Summary :
The proposed change reflects that nomenclature
in the field has changed.
Proposal #16
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Speech
College : Cosumnes
River College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Speech:
Master’s in speech, speech broadcasting, telecommunications,
rhetoric, communication, speech communication,
or organizational communication OR Bachelor’s
in any of the above AND Master’s in drama/theater
arts, mass communication, or English OR The equivalent.
Proposed Change :
Change in Disciplines Title: Speech Communications
Master’s in speech, speech broadcasting, telecommunications,
rhetoric, communication, communication studies,
speech communication, or organizational communication
OR Bachelor’s in any of the above AND Master’s
in drama/theater arts, mass communication, or
English OR The equivalent.
Summary :
The Proposal addresses the title of the discipline,
speech, suggesting that the title should be speech
communications. The Proposal also seeks to add
communication studies under the minimum qualifications.
SECTION II: REVISIONS TO DISCIPLINES (NON-MASTER’S)
* Proposal #17
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Emergency Medical Technologies
College : Los Angles
District Academic Senate
Current Minimum Qualification
for Emergency Medical Technologies :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience,
OR any associate degree AND six years of experience.
Proposed Change :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience,
OR any associate degree AND six years of experience
AND certification in one of the following:
MD, RN, PA (physician’s assistant), EMT-P, EMT
II.
Summary :
The Proposal recommends that the qualifications
for EMT be changed to include certification.
The argument is that this change will allow the
discipline to better comply with state regulations.
Note:
This Proposal would require a change in Title
5 to create a category requiring an associate
degree plus certification.
Current Minimum Qualification
for Psychiatric Technician :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience,
OR any associate degree AND six years of experience.
Proposed Change :
Associate degree with six years experience
as registered nurse or psychiatric technician.
Summary :
The Proposal states that Psychiatric Technicians
Law in California Rules and Regulations of the
Board of Vocational Nursing and Psychiatric Technicians,
Section 2584 Faculty Qualifications (3): instructor
provide for the following minimum requirements:
Registered Nurse (without a Psychiatric Technician
license) qualifies as an instructor in a Psychiatric
Technician program. If the candidate has an RN
license, a Psychiatric Technician license not
required.
Note:
This Proposal would require a change in Title
5 to create a category requiring only an associate
degree.
Current Minimum Qualification
for Respiratory Technician :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience,
OR any associate degree AND six years of experience.
Proposed Change :
Bachelor’s degree minimum to teach in Respiratory
Care.
Summary :
The Proposal seeks to establish higher minimum
qualifications for a Respiratory Care in line
with minimum accreditation standards set by CoArc.
Note :
This Proposal for Respiratory Technician would
require a change in Title 5, requiring the creation
of a third Bachelor’s category of disciplines.
Proposal #20
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Sign Language (Discipline Title Change)
College : Los Angeles
Pierce College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Sign Language :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience,
OR any associate degree AND six years of experience.
Proposed Change :
N/a (Proposal seeks to split Sign Language into
two separate disciplines:
American Sign Language and American
Sign Language and English
Summary :
The Proposal states that a separation needs to
be made between the hiring of American Sign Language
instructors and American Sign Language and English
Interpreting instructors. The two disciplines
have different training, curricular goals and
pedagogical methodologies.
SECTION III: NEW DISCIPLINES (MASTER’S)
* Proposal #21
Proposed Revision Discipline
:Fashion Design (New Discipline)
College : Mt. San
Antonio College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Fashion Design :
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Master’s in family and consumer studies, fashion
and or costume design, clothing and textiles,
fine and applied art OR bachelor’s in any of the
above and two years of experience in fashion and/or
costume design OR any associate degree AND six
years of experience.
Summary :
The Proposal states that new degrees are now
available and do not supplant hiring under disciplines
where master’s degrees are not generally expected.
Note :
Because minimum qualifications include Master’s
and non-Master’s, this Proposal would require
a change in regulations and Title 5.
* Proposal #22
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Fashion Merchandising (New Discipline)
College :
Mt. San Antonio
College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Fashion Merchandising :
N/a (new discipline)
Proposed Change :
Master’s in family and consumer studies, fashion/apparel
marketing, marketing, OR bachelor’s in any of
the above and two years of experience in fashion
merchandising or marketing OR any associate degree
AND six years of experience.
Summary :
The Proposal states that new degrees are now
available and do not supplant hiring under disciplines
where master’s degrees are not generally expected.
Note :
Because minimum qualifications include Master’s
and non-Master’s, this Proposal would require
a change in regulations and Title 5.
Proposal #23
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Human Services (New Discipline)
College :
Long Beach
City College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Human Services :
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Master’s in social work, sociology, psychology,
counseling, or gerontology OR the equivalent OR
see interdisciplinary studies.
Summary :
The Proposal seeks to add a new discipline, human
services because of confusion and ambiguity in
the field.
Proposal #24
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Mental Health Counseling (New Discipline)
College :
Santa Barbara
City College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Mental Health Counseling :
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Master’s degree in counseling, clinical psychology,
counseling psychology OR Master’s in social work,
and current license as a marriage and family therapist,
licensed social worker, licensed psychotherapist,
or licensed psychiatrist.
Summary :
The Proposal seeks to create a new discipline
of mental health counseling. The Proposal suggests
adding the discipline to state specific requirements
for mental health counselors.
SECTION IV: NEW DISCIPLINES (NON-MASTER’S)
Proposal #25
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Applied Music (New Discipline)
College :
Cuesta College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Applied Music :
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience,
OR any associate degree AND six years of experience.
Summary :
The Proposal seeks to add a discipline, applied
music. The new discipline would allow the hiring
of instructor-specific music faculty.
Proposal #26
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Casino Management (New Discipline)
College :
Shasta College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Casino Management :
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience,
OR any associate degree AND six years of experience.
Summary :
The Proposal seeks to add a new discipline, casino
management. The Proposal suggests that field
experience is a necessary requirement for teaching
casino management and operations courses.
* Proposal #27
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Certified Nurses Aide/Home Health
Aide
(New Discipline)
College :
Los Angles
District Academic Senate
Current Minimum Qualification
for Certified Nurses Aide/Home Health Aide
:
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Bachelor’s degree AND twoone years
of experience AND certification in Public Health
Nursing.
Summary :
This Proposal recommends the creation of a new
discipline, Certified Nurses Aide/Home Health
Aide, as the field is now an emerging vocational
area.
Note:
This Proposal would require a change in Title
5 to create a category requiring a Bachelor’s
degree and one year of experience plus certification.
If enacted this new discipline would impact the
current areas under the Health Care Ancillaries
discipline.
Proposal #28
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Civilian Crime Investigation (New
Discipline)
College :
Los Angles
District Academic Senate
Current Minimum Qualification
for Civilian Crime Investigation :
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience
in criminal investigation, fingerprinting,
recognition technology, law enforcement agency
not requiring sworn peace officer status,
OR any associate degree AND six years of experience.
Summary :
The Proposal argues for the establishment of
Civilian Crime Investigation as a new discipline.
The Proposal states that there has been a change
in the status of in regulations of sworn peace
officer.
Note :
Under the current minimum qualifications for
Non-Master’s disciplines, the specific kind of
experience needed is not stated. This Proposal
specifies the type of experience.
Proposal #29
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Family Child Care (New Discipline)
College :
Cuesta College
Current Minimum Qualification
for Family Child Care :
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience,
OR any associate degree AND six years of experience.
Summary :
This Proposal suggests the addition of a new
discipline, family child care. The Proposal argues
that it is more appropriate to have family child
care as a specific discipline as opposed to it
being taught under the current early childhood
education.
Proposal #30
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Martial Arts/Self-Defense (New Discipline)
College :
Los Angles
District Academic Senate
Current Minimum Qualification
for Martial Arts/Self-Defense :
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience,
OR any associate degree AND six years of experience.
Summary :
The Proposal suggests that martial arts and self-defense
is am emerging needed skill in security training.
Proposal #31
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Military Science TOP Code 1801.00
(New Discipline)
College :
Los Angles
District Academic Senate
Current Minimum Qualification
for Military Science :
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience
in U.S. Armed Forces, OR any associate
degree AND six years of experience in U.S.
Armed Forces.
Summary :
The Proposal speaks to the needs of students
with increased interests in military careers and
domestic security needs.
Note :
Under the current minimum qualifications for
Non-Master’s disciplines, the specific kind of
experience needed is not stated. This Proposal
specifies the type of experience.
Proposal #32
Proposed Revision Discipline
: Other Military Studies TOP Code 1899.00
(New Discipline)
College :
Los Angles
District Academic Senate
Current Minimum Qualification
for Other Military Studies :
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience
in U.S. Armed Forces, OR any associate
degree AND six years of experience in U.S.
Armed Forces.
Summary :
The Proposal states that the discipline would
prepare students for new and emerging careers
in homeland security.
Note :
Under the current minimum qualifications for
Non-Master’s disciplines, the specific kind of
experience needed is not stated. This Proposal
specifies the type of experience.
Current Minimum Qualification
for Interdisciplinary Studies :
N/a (New Discipline)
Proposed Change :
Bachelor’s degree AND two years of experience,
OR any associate degree AND six years of experience
in one of the disciplines included in the interdisciplinary
areas AND lower division coursework or experience
in at least one other constituent discipline.
Summary :
The Proposal seeks to add a new discipline, interdisciplinary
studies (non-Master’s), so as to allow two or
more non-master’s disciplines to include interdisciplinary
studies.
